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Citations

References

Every technical claim on the AST site should be traceable to a primary source. This page lists the peer-reviewed papers, manufacturer specifications, and authoritative reports underpinning the HTS Tape deep dive and related material. Items are numbered to match inline citations (e.g. [13]).

Manufacturing & Architecture

Layer stack, substrate preparation, deposition processes, and commercial tape specifications.

  1. [1]
    SuperPower 2G HTS Wire Specification

    SuperPower Inc. (Furukawa)

    https://www.superpower-inc.com/specification.aspx
  2. [2]
    SuperPower Technology: Layer Architecture and Manufacturing Process

    SuperPower Inc.

    https://www.superpower-inc.com/Technology.aspx
  3. [3]
    Biaxially textured IBAD-MgO templates for YBCO-coated conductors

    Matias, Arendt, Foltyn, et al.

    MRS Bulletin, 2004

    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1557/mrs2004.160
  4. [4]
    High Throughput Processing of Long-Length IBAD MgO and Epi-Buffer Templates at SuperPower

    Selvamanickam et al.

    IEEE TAS, 2008

    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224717577
  5. [5]
    Preparation of MgO Self-Epitaxial Films: Biaxial Texture Development

    MDPI Micromachines (PMC10609231), 2023

    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10609231/
  6. [6]
    Hastelloy C-276 Alloy Technical Datasheet

    Haynes International

    https://haynesintl.com/en/alloys/alloy-portfolio/corrosion-resistant-alloys/hastelloy-c-276/
  7. [7]
    Faraday Factory Japan: High-Quality HTS Tapes Technical Profile

    Innovation News Network / ICEC29, 2024

    https://www.innovationnewsnetwork.com/faraday-factory-japan-high-quality-hts-tapes-for-a-greener-future/57815/
  8. [8]
    Optimization of REBCO Tapes through Division and Striation

    MDPI / PMC10707197, 2023

    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10707197/

Physics & Crystal Structure

REBCO crystal chemistry, oxygen ordering, grain boundary behavior, and rare-earth substitution.

  1. [9]
    Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide: Crystal Structure and Properties

    Wikipedia (references Wu, Chu et al. 1987)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium_barium_copper_oxide
  2. [10]
    Oxygen ordering and the orthorhombic-to-tetragonal phase transition in YBa₂Cu₃O₇₋δ

    Jorgensen et al.

    Physical Review B 36, 5731, 1987

    https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.36.5731
  3. [11]
    Orientation dependence of grain-boundary critical currents in YBa₂Cu₃O₇₋δ

    Dimos, Chaudhari, Mannhart, LeGoues

    Physical Review Letters 61, 219, 1988

    https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.219
  4. [12]
    Survey of Tc in CSD REBCO thin films by rare-earth element

    Superconductor Science and Technology, 2020

    https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6668/ab9aa0

Performance Records

Field records, critical current benchmarks, and flux pinning advances in coated conductors.

  1. [13]
    45.5 T DC magnetic field generated with a high-temperature superconducting magnet

    Hahn, Kim, Lee, et al.

    Nature 570, 496-499, 2019

    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1293-1
  2. [14]
    Advances in high-Jc REBCO coated conductors (current commercial Jc benchmarks)

    Selvamanickam

    IREF25 Conference, 2025

    https://www.superfusion.org/Presentations/IREF25_V_Selvamanickam.pdf
  3. [15]
    Nanosized Pinning Centers in REBCO Coated Conductors

    Nanomaterials / PMC7466701, 2020

    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7466701/

Cabling, Joints & Winding

CORC, Roebel, TSTC cable architectures, soldered joints, and no-insulation winding.

  1. [16]
    CORC® Cables & Wires: Architecture and Current Capacity

    Advanced Conductor Technologies (D. van der Laan)

    https://www.advancedconductor.com/corccable/
  2. [17]
    Design and Manufacturing of a 45 kA at 10 T REBCO-CORC Cable-in-Conduit Conductor

    Mulder et al.

    IEEE TAS 30, 4800605, 2020

    https://www.advancedconductor.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mulder-T.-IEEE-Trans.-Appl.-Sup.-30-4800605-2020.pdf
  3. [18]
    Roebel cables from REBCO coated conductors: a one-century-old concept for the superconductivity of tomorrow

    Goldacker, Grilli, Pardo, Kario, Schlachter, Vojenčiak

    Superconductor Science and Technology 27, 093001 (arXiv:1406.4244), 2014

    https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.4244
  4. [19]
    Investigation of HTS Twisted Stacked-Tape Cable (TSTC) Conductor

    Takayasu et al.

    MIT PSFC / OSTI, 2017

    https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1536631
  5. [20]
    Study on electrical performances of soldered joints between HTS coated-conductors

    Cryogenics / ScienceDirect, 2022

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0011227522000042
  6. [21]
    Current Status of and Challenges for No-Insulation HTS Winding Technique

    Superconductivity Review / PMC7596694, 2020

    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7596694/

Applications

Fusion magnets, MRI, maglev, power transmission, accelerators, aviation, and data centers.

  1. [22]
    MIT and CFS launch novel approach to fusion power: 20 T HTS magnet demonstration

    MIT News, 2021

    https://news.mit.edu/2021/MIT-CFS-major-advance-toward-fusion-energy-0908
  2. [23]
    Tests show high-temperature superconducting magnets are ready for fusion

    MIT News, 2024

    https://news.mit.edu/2024/tests-show-high-temperature-superconducting-magnets-fusion-ready-0304
  3. [24]
    Tokamak Energy HTS Magnets: 24 T at 20 K and 26.2 T at 4 K

    Tokamak Energy, 2020

    https://tokamakenergy.com/about-us-fusion-energy-high-temperature-superconducting-magnets/
  4. [25]
    ComEd and AMSC Announce Successful Integration of Resilient Electric Grid in Chicago

    AMSC Investor Relations, 2021

    https://ir.amsc.com/news-releases/news-release-details/comed-and-amsc-announce-successful-integration-resilient
  5. [26]
    Philips unveils BlueSeal Horizon helium-free 3.0T MRI platform (uses LTS NbTi)

    Philips / RSNA 2025, 2025

    https://www.philips.com/a-w/about/news/archive/standard/news/press/2025/philips-unveils-blueseal-horizon-industrys-first-helium-free-3-0t-mri-platform.html
  6. [27]
    JR-Central SCMaglev: Superconducting Maglev Technology Review (uses LTS NbTi)

    JR Central (Central Japan Railway Company)

    https://global.jr-central.co.jp/en/company/_pdf/superconducting_maglev.pdf
  7. [28]
    Can high-temperature superconductors transform the power infrastructure of datacenters?

    Microsoft Azure Blog, 2025

    https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/can-high-temperature-superconductors-transform-the-power-infrastructure-of-datacenters/
  8. [29]
    Airbus ASCEND 500 kW Superconducting Powertrain Demonstrator

    IEEE / Flight Global, 2024

    https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10373057/
  9. [30]
    High Field Magnet Programme – European Strategy Input (HTS R&D for FCC-hh)

    CERN / arXiv:2504.16885, 2025

    https://arxiv.org/html/2504.16885v1

Cryogenics

Liquid helium and liquid nitrogen supply, pricing, and logistics.

  1. [31]
    Helium prices surge to record levels as shortage bites

    Physics Today, 2023

    https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/76/9/18/2908156/
  2. [32]
    Liquid Nitrogen Prices in the USA (Bulk and Retail)

    Rutherford & Titan

    https://www.rutherfordtitan.com/liquid-nitrogen-generators/liquid-nitrogen-price-usa/

A note on sources

Where possible, we cite peer-reviewed literature (Nature, Physical Review, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Superconductor Science and Technology) or primary manufacturer documentation. News coverage is used for product announcements and pricing snapshots. Spec sheets and datasheets are cited for commercial product parameters. This list is not exhaustive: it reflects the specific claims made on this site and is updated as the content evolves.